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December 24, 2024 This article has been reviewed according to Science X's editorial process and policies . Editors have highlightedthe following attributes while ensuring the content's credibility: fact-checked trusted source proofread by Idun Haugan, Norwegian University of Science and Technology Iceland has a long and rich literary tradition. With its 380,000 inhabitants, the country has produced many great writers, and it is said that one in two Icelanders writes books. This literary tradition stretches all the way back to the Middle Ages. "Previously, the theory was that Iceland was so dark and barren that the Icelanders had to fill their lives with storytelling and poetry to compensate for this. But Icelanders were certainly part of Europe and had a lot of contact with Britain, Germany, Denmark and Norway, among others," said Tom Lorenz, a Ph.D. research fellow at the Department of Language and Literature at NTNU. He is hunting down hidden and forgotten pieces of Iceland's Sagas' literary history and has published an article in the journal Gripla (in Icelandic). "The Icelanders were part of a common European culture, and Iceland has been a great knowledge society for a long time," he said. Royal lineage We can thank the Icelanders for our relatively good overview of the royal lineage here in Norway, right from the early Viking Age up to the death of Magnus V Erlingsson in 1184. Icelandic "skalds" were skilled and sought after, and Norwegian kings engaged skalds to ensure that their story and their feats would be told and passed on. In the Middle Ages, the Icelanders wrote down these oral traditions both in Latin and in Old Norse. Snorri Sturluson was the last and most important in a long line of saga writers who wrote down the kings' sagas in the 13th century. This is how the kings' sagas were preserved. "In addition to sagas, eddic poems, and skaldic verse, scientific literature and political treaties were also written in Iceland during the Middle Ages," Lorenz said. Valuable vellum Books and texts from this period were written on parchment , which is animal skin that has been carefully processed so it can be written on. In Iceland, only exclusive calfskin was used to make parchment. Calfskin parchment is called vellum, and it took dozens of calves to create enough vellum for one book. Vellum was a very valuable material. If a book became worn out or obsolete, the parchments were reused. Some were used to make tools, among other things, and one fragment that has been preserved was made into a miter—a type of ceremonial headgear worn by the bishop of Skálholt in Iceland. Many parchments were also reused as covers for new books. Unique to Iceland A common method for reusing old manuscript pages was to remove the original text by scraping and polishing so that the parchment could be used to create new books and manuscripts. This is called a palimpsest. "Palimpsests were common in the Middle Ages across Europe, and were particularly widespread in Iceland. Although literarily rich, Iceland was a poor country. The supply of expensive parchment was limited, while the demand was high because the Icelanders had much they wanted to communicate," said Lorenz. In Iceland, parchment was also reused for printing books after Gutenberg invented the printing press in the 15th century. "The fact that there are printed palimpsest books in Iceland and not just handwritten palimpsest parchments is unique in a European context, and this has not been studied before," Lorenz emphasized. Discover the latest in science, tech, and space with over 100,000 subscribers who rely on Phys.org for daily insights. Sign up for our free newsletter and get updates on breakthroughs, innovations, and research that matter— daily or weekly . Abandoning Latin in favor of the vernacular In Iceland, as elsewhere in Europe, texts and books were written in Latin during the Middle Ages, especially liturgical texts used in ecclesiastical contexts. Latin was the predominant written language of Catholic Europe. But then came the rebellious priest Martin Luther, the man who started the great protest movement against the powerful Catholic Church. In the wake of Martin Luther and the Reformation in 1517, many northern European countries converted to Protestantism, including Iceland between 1537 and 1550. The Reformation brought an end to ecclesiastical manuscripts and books being written in Latin. The language of the common man was now to be used. Latin script was scraped off existing parchments so they could be used for new texts written in Icelandic, and these became palimpsests. Old text shines through "In documents and books made from palimpsest parchments, fragments of the old, original text can sometimes be seen beneath the new text," said Lorenz. The texts and words that have been scraped away can also be retrieved using modern techniques, such as infrared rays, but quite a lot of the old text can often be read with the naked eye. And it is in the hidden remnants of old Icelandic parchments written in Latin that Lorenz is searching for hidden and forgotten pieces of history. He examines the preserved fragments from these ancient books and also studies the different forms of parchment recycling and reuse. "My goal is to create virtual reconstructions of some of the ancient fragments that have survived to shed new light on previous eras' culture and society," said Lorenz. However, this involves finding the remnants of the palimpsests, and they are few and far between. "Hardly any Latin books from medieval Iceland have survived. Due to their rarity, recycled parchment from disassembled Latin books is one of our most important sources in the history of medieval Icelandic books," said Lorenz. Drained Iceland of medieval literature "I follow Latin traces from Icelandic manuscripts, but the Latin written material has been forgotten. Previous research has focused mostly on texts in Old Norse in Icelandic manuscripts," he said. From the 17th century onwards, Old Norse texts became important in the building of identity, national pride and power in the Nordic countries. In Denmark, the Icelander and archivist Árni Magnússon (1663–1730) was tasked with collecting medieval documents from both Iceland and the rest of the Nordic countries. At this time, Iceland was under Danish rule in the absolute monarchy of Denmark-Norway. Árni Magnússon was particularly interested in texts about Icelandic history. He scoured the market, almost draining Iceland of medieval literature, and built a large collection of handwritten books, the Arnamagnæan Collection. The collection is now part of UNESCO's Memory of the World Program. Tracking down unknown text fragments However, Árni Magnússon was most interested in books written in Old Norse, not in Latin. He used parchments from the Latin books as covers for the Old Norse books. In the early 20th century, the book covers were removed and stored separately, and few people have shown much interest in them—until now. These ancient book covers are among the parchments that Lorenz is studying in his search for hidden and forgotten fragments of history. Between 1971 and 1997, half of Árni Magnússon's book collection was returned from Denmark to Iceland, and half of the original collection of 3,000 manuscripts is now back in its country of origin. However, some medieval manuscripts are still located in archives and museums in Norway, Denmark, and also Sweden. So, Lorenz's search has taken him on a journey through the nooks and crannies of many archives. "I have identified several previously unidentified Latin fragments related to Iceland. These new discoveries contribute to greater knowledge about which theological and liturgical texts were in circulation in medieval Iceland. The texts show that medieval Icelanders followed and participated in European intellectual culture," said Lorenz. The text fragments he has found include hymns, prayers, sermons, hagiographies and church music. It started with the Vikings Lorenz is from Schleswig-Holstein in Germany, which used to be part of Denmark-Norway. He developed an interest in the Viking Age and saga literature at an early age, which led him to study Nordic languages in Kiel. He is now a Ph.D. research fellow at the Department of Language and Literature at NTNU's Center for Medieval Studies. He has also chosen to learn Norwegian Nynorsk in addition to Norwegian Bokmål. "I am fascinated by small phenomena and therefore chose to learn Nynorsk when I started my studies in Norway. It is probably also why I became fascinated and intrigued by the fragments of history that might be contained in the small, hidden and forgotten palimpsests that have remained unknown until now," said Lorenz in fluent Nynorsk. More information: Tom Lorenz, Endurvinnsla og endurnýting í íslenskum uppskafningum frá miðöldum og á árnýöld, Gripla (2024). DOI: 10.33112/gripla.35.1 Provided by Norwegian University of Science and Technology

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The world stands at the dawn of a “third nuclear age” in which Britain is threatened by multiple dilemmas, the head of the armed forces has warned. But alongside his stark warning of the threats facing Britain and its allies, Admiral Sir Tony Radakin said there would be only a “remote chance” Russia would directly attack or invade the UK if the two countries were at war. The Chief of the Defence Staff laid out the landscape of British defence in a wide-ranging speech, after a minister warned the Army would be wiped out in as little as six months if forced to fight a war on the scale of the Ukraine conflict. The admiral cast doubt on the possibility as he gave a speech at the Royal United Services Institute (Rusi) defence think tank in London. Moscow “knows the response will be overwhelming”, he added, but warned the nuclear deterrent needed to be “kept strong and strengthened”. Sir Tony added: “We are at the dawn of a third nuclear age, which is altogether more complex. It is defined by multiple and concurrent dilemmas, proliferating nuclear and disruptive technologies and the almost total absence of the security architectures that went before.” He listed the “wild threats of tactical nuclear use” by Russia, China building up its weapon stocks, Iran’s failure to co-operate with a nuclear deal, and North Korea’s “erratic behaviour” among the threats faced by the West. But Sir Tony said the UK’s nuclear arsenal is “the one part of our inventory of which Russia is most aware and has more impact on (President Vladimir) Putin than anything else”. Successive British governments had invested “substantial sums of money” in renewing nuclear submarines and warheads because of this, he added. The admiral described the deployment of thousands of North Korean soldiers on Ukraine’s border alongside Russian forces as the year’s “most extraordinary development”. He also signalled further deployments were possible, speaking of “tens of thousands more to follow as part of a new security pact with Russia”. Defence minister Alistair Carns earlier said a rate of casualties similar to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine would lead to the army being “expended” within six to 12 months. Defence Secretary John Healey has previously spoken about the state of the armed forces inherited from the Tories (Jonathan Brady/PA) In comments reported by Sky News, Mr Carns, a former Royal Marines colonel, said Russia was suffering losses of around 1,500 soldiers killed or injured a day. “In a war of scale – not a limited intervention, but one similar to Ukraine – our Army for example, on the current casualty rates, would be expended – as part of a broader multinational coalition – in six months to a year,” Mr Carns said in a speech at Rusi. He added: “That doesn’t mean we need a bigger Army, but it does mean you need to generate depth and mass rapidly in the event of a crisis.” Official figures show the Army had 109,245 personnel on October 1, including 25,814 volunteer reservists. Mr Carns, the minister for veterans and people, said the UK needed to “catch up with Nato allies” to place greater emphasis on the reserves. The Prime Minister’s official spokesman said Defence Secretary John Healey had previously spoken about “the state of the armed forces that were inherited from the previous government”. The spokesman said: “It’s why the Budget invested billions of pounds into defence, it’s why we’re undertaking a strategic defence review to ensure that we have the capabilities and the investment needed to defend this country.”

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Barrett scores 31, Barnes adds 17 in return from injury, and Raptors beat Timberwolves 110-105

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East Carolina cornerback Shavon Revel Jr., a potential first-round pick, declared for the 2025 NFL Draft on Friday. Revel, who sustained a torn left ACL in practice in September, had one season of eligibility remaining. "After an incredible journey at East Carolina, I am officially declaring for the 2025 NFL Draft," the senior posted on social media. "... Pirates nation, thank you for your unwavering energy and support every game. Representing ECU is an honor, and I look forward to continuing to do so on Sundays!" Revel recorded two interceptions in three games this season, returning one 50 yards for a touchdown on Sept. 14 against Appalachian State. Over three seasons with the Pirates, Revel had three interceptions, 15 passes defensed and 70 tackles in 24 games. He was a second-team All-American Athletic Conference selection last season. ESPN draft analyst Mel Kiper Jr. ranked Revel as the No. 2 cornerback and No. 23 overall prospect in the 2025 draft class. --Field Level Media

Legit.ng journalist Ridwan Adeola Yusuf has over 9 years of experience covering metro. PAY ATTENTION: Follow our WhatsApp channel to never miss out on the news that matters to you! Awka, Anambra state - Mixed reactions have trailed Reuben Abati's furious reaction to his colleague on air. Recall backlash had trailed Abati’s commentary on land purchase in 'Igboland'. On Thursday, November 21, the broadcaster inferred that Igbos in Nigeria’s south-east region do not sell land to “outsiders". On Friday, November 22, Abati's junior colleague, Ojy Okpe, revisited the former presidential aide's comment and appeared to object to it. She said she was only fulfilling her journalistic obligation of presenting diverse viewpoints. Abati was having none of it, however. PAY ATTENTION : Standing out in social media world? Easy! "Mastering Storytelling for Social Media" workshop by Legit.ng. Join Us Live! He said: “I was specific about what I said, I provided context. Nobody should tell me any nonsense." Reacting to the seeming argument, several X users shared their thoughts. Check out some reactions below: Osasu Obayiuwana wrote : "The way @abati1990 spoke to co-presenter @OjyOkpe on @ARISEtv, concerning his previous comments on non-Igbos buying land in Igboland, was horrible. Bullying her is not on. He should apologise to her. And the station’s management should have very strong words with him." Read also Shehu Sani reacts as reps reject bill proposing 6-year single tenure for president: “Chop and go” @BuugieDo said : "I love how Dr Abati put Ojy in her place. You can't try to gaslight the man when he provided context to the story." @LawrenceOkoroPG commented : "Ojy and Abati should have been sent out of the studio for bringing tribal war on live Television. "She was wrong to have brought back her senior colleague’s previous comment on air for argumentative sake. "Reuben Abati with his wealth of experience could have handled it better. "Both acted with emotions and neither of them should be allowed to escape sanction. "That being said, Reuben Abati was wrong to have generalized a whole region from one man’s experience." Atiku opposes anti-Igbo campaign Earlier, Legit.ng reported that Atiku Abubakar , the PDP presidential candidate in the 2023 election, condemned a social media campaign for forced relocation of Igbo people from Lagos and other states in the south-west region of Nigeria. Read also Daniel Regha reviews Wizkid's new album, shares observations: "Morayo is quantity over quality" In cautioning against such ethnicity profiling, Atiku referenced the Rwandan genocide as a fallout of unchecked ethnic hatred. PAY ATTENTION: Сheck out news that is picked exactly for YOU ➡️ find the “Recommended for you” block on the home page and enjoy! Source: Legit.ngPoseida Therapeutics stock soars to 52-week high of $9.43

Apple’s latest AI feature, Apple Intelligence, is raising major privacy concerns. The new iPhone tool allows the technology to access and analyze data from your apps, including sensitive banking, financial and location data — and some experts are concerned it gets too close to delicate information. The feature was released last month and has only been made available to the latest iPhone 15 or 16. The new AI is intended to enhance the user experience by providing personalized, smart assistance across various apps and functions, Chip Hallett, author of “ The Ultimate Privacy Playbook ,” claims that Apple Intelligence could learn how you use your banking apps and even track your movements. “iPhone users beware,” Hallet warned in a TikTok video . He advised people to “stop” using the feature and instructed viewers how to turn it off. How to limit Apple Intelligence: One major concern is the AI’s ability to analyze sensitive information. Hallett emphasizes that users should take immediate action to limit what Apple Intelligence can access. The security expert advises users to turn the feature off for all banking, health and fitness, and location-using apps. The AI doesn’t just sit passively — it actively pulls information from apps, potentially exposing personal details without your knowledge. Though Apple claims that its AI feature does not store your personal data, it’s still collecting a lot of precious information. Apple’s privacy page states that the AI uses data “to best assist you” and deliver personalized experiences. However, this data is processed in Apple’s “Private Cloud Compute” system, raising alarms about the possibility of remote access to personal info. The company has offered a $1 million bounty to anyone who can hack its system, signaling how seriously it is taking security — yet many users and experts have concerns.Generative Artificial Intelligence AI In Data Labeling Solution And Services Global Market 2024: Market Size Forecast

Postman Workspaces Leak 30000 API Keys and Sensitive TokensA proposal to ban a transgender Montana lawmaker from using the women’s bathroom in the state's capitol building failed on Tuesday. The proposed amendment, introduced by Republican Rep. Jerry Schillinger of Circle, would have required state legislators to use restrooms based on their biological sex at birth. The amendment needed to receive a majority from House members and Senate members on the joint rules committee to advance. It got enough votes to pass on the Senate side, but not the House. Rep. Zooey Zephyr, D-Missoula, was Montana’s first openly transgender female lawmaker. Rep. SJ Howell, D-Missoula, was the first nonbinary lawmaker. Both were first elected in 2022 and reelected this year. RELATED STORY | Montana transgender lawmaker on Capitol Hill's bathroom ban: 'Do not cede ground' On social media, Zephyr thanked her colleagues — particularly her republican colleagues — who she said “recognized this as a distraction from the work we were elected to do.” Rep. David Bedey, R-Hamilton, one of four Republicans to vote against the proposal, said, “This particular action will have the effect of making people famous in the national news and will not contribute to the effective conduct of our business." This comes after some intense moments last month in Washington after a Republican representative from South Carolina proposed a similar ban on Capitol Hill ahead of the first openly transgender member of Congress, Rep. Sarah McBride, D-Delaware, taking office next year. RELATED STORY | Justices seemingly unmoved to overturn transgender health care ban for minorsIn summary: all of a sudden we go from basically no dissents about slashing rates (pre-election) to "many" thinking slow-down and some thinking "pause" the cutting cycle completely? Fed minutes TL/DR: it appears Trump won * * * Since the last FOMC meeting - just days after the election on November 7th - bonds, the dollar,m and stocks have rallied (excluding the election reaction before the Fed) and crude oil and gold have been dumped (hit most recently amid 'peace' headlines and Bessent's appointment)... Source: Bloomberg And while that has been going on, US Macro data has serially un-impressed... having soared higher since before the big cut in September... Source: Bloomberg ...interesting that the data started to disappoint right after Trump's Red Sweep was confirmed. Rate-cut expectations have continued to slide since the last FOMC with less than three full cuts now priced in by the end of 2025... Source: Bloomberg But, the odds of a December cut have jumped in the last couple of days... Source: Bloomberg Additionally, since The Fed began cutting, the Reverse Repo facility has been dramatically drained... Source: Bloomberg Recent remarks from Fed officials have seen many echo the line in the statement that risks to the Fed's mandate are roughly in balance. However, Governor Bowman, the most hawkish on the Fed, sees greater risks to the price stability mandate. Many are also keeping their options open, in fitting with Powell, as they wait to see all the data available before acting. Powell acknowledged that inflation is on a "sometimes bumpy" path back to 2%, but he does expect inflation to continue to come down towards the 2% goal. Nonetheless, after recent inflation data he had said the economy is not sending signals the Fed needs to be in a hurry to lower interest rates. Key highlights from the FOMC Minutes: Some say Fed could pause easing and hold rates at restrictive levels if inflation remains elevated Many said uncertainty over the neutral rate level makes it appropriate to reduce restraint gradually Some said easing could be accelerated if labor market weakened or activity faltered Some judged downside risks to jobs market and economy had diminished Participants anticipated it would be appropriate to move gradually towards a more neutral stance Almost all agreed that risks to achieving dual mandate goals remain roughly in balance Some said it might be appropriate in the future to consider setting the overnight reverse repo rate to the bottom of the Fed Funds Rate target Many saw excessive cooling in the jobs market as having diminished somewhat since September Fed staff forecast called for economic conditions to remain solid, as in its previous assessment: 2024 GDP growth projection seen higher Some more specifics: "Many" senior Federal Reserve officials said uncertainty about the so-called neutral level of interest rates supported a more gradual approach in reducing U.S. borrowing costs. "Many participants observed that uncertainties concerning the level of the neutral rate of interest complicated the assessment of the degree of restrictiveness of monetary policy and, in their view, made it appropriate to reduce policy restraint more gradually," the minutes of the November meeting said. And suddenly, post-Trump-victory, "some" Fed members think a "pause" is necesary: "In discussing the positioning of monetary policy in response to potential changes in the balance of risks, some participants noted that the Committee could pause its easing of the policy rate and hold it at a restrictive level if inflation remained elevated, and some remarked that policy easing could be accelerated if the labor market turned down or economic activity faltered." Chairman Jerome Powell and other senior officials called the elevated readings of inflation a "bump" and they predict more bumps in the future. Still, they continue to believe inflation will slow toward their 2% goal by 2026. "Incoming data generally remained consistent with inflation returning sustainably to 2%," the minutes said. Read the full Minutes below:

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